Oct 05, 2020 In ATLAS.ti 8, select “Import Project” from the start screen. IMPORTANT: While project transfer from ATLAS.ti 7 Windows to ATLAS.ti 8 is fully supported, there is no backwards compatibility with ATLAS.ti 7. To transfer your project to another computer with either ATLAS.ti 8 or ATLAS.t Mac installed, simply export it via File - Export. Compute answers using Wolfram's breakthrough technology & knowledgebase, relied on by millions of students & professionals. For math, science, nutrition, history.
Introduced: 1994
This is one of the few gaffes in Atlas N scale locomotive history. And brother, it was a doozy (and probably explains why Atlas waited a full decade before releasing another steamer). First of all, a lot of these were cursed with a cute little factory defect whereby the running gear would simply fall off the drivers after a couple of minutes of operation. To their credit, Atlas did address this problem by offering a full-scale recall.
Factory defects aside, this is still a fairly pathetic locomotive. Pickup is derived solely from the drivers, and the chassis design doesn't allow for any rocking. The upshot of all that is that the drivers tend to come up off the rails (causing stalls) when faced with anything but perfectly flat track. My last layout had a lot of grades on it and I could barely get my 2-8-8-2 to make a simple lap around the track. On the other hand, my current layout has no grades, so stalling is not a big problem. Instead, it's the pilot and trailing trucks and their inability to hold the rails that once again renders it useless. IE, I can't run it for more than a few minutes without it derailing. Turnouts in particular are a big problem.
Sure, give this thing a nice circle of track without grades, turnouts or narrow radius curves and it isn't a bad locomotive at all. Throttle response is smooth, slow speed performance is excellent, and overall the mechanism runs smoothly and fairly quietly. But come on, this isn't a trainset locomotive, so to hell with that.
For some strange reason, the tender provides no pickup whatsoever. I guess Samhongsa figured the extra shot of current wasn't needed (oops). There are no traction tires, but pulling power seems adequate. Wheels are low-profile, so no problems on Code-55 rails.
The pixel farm pftrack 2017 06 23 download free. To remove the shell from the locomotive, unscrew the screw inside the smokestack and the screw inside the cab. After that, the shell pulls right off. Menuapp for facebook v1 0 – facebook social.
Grade: D
Reviewed: 3/94 Model Railroader ('Atlas recently released a limited-run series of USRA 2-8-8-2 steam locomotives in N scale. Samhongsa, a Korean company known for its high-quality brass models, built these die-cast locomotives for Atlas.. The model features a die-cast metal boiler, a metal frame, a plastic smoke-box front and cab, and metal and plastic detail parts. The tender is injection-molded plastic with a sheet-brass sub-floor. Both sets of drivers pivot, which enables the model to maneuver tight curves.. The locomotive comes with MT couplers body-mounted on the rear of the tender and on the locomotive pilot. The model's dimensions are quite close to mechanical department drawings of the D&RGW locomotives. The combined locomotive and tender is a scale 108 feet long, and the locomotive itself is 68 feet long compared to the prototypes 66-foot length. The model is a scale 15'-9' tall to the top of the stack, the same as the prototype. A small enclosed motor mounted at the rear of the frame powers the locomotive.. All of the drivers are powered. Four drivers on each side of the locomotive pick up electricity.. Our model ran fairly smoothly, with a bit of a side-to-side wobble. Some wobbling is inevitable because both sets of drivers pivot. The minimum speed is good for an N scale steam locomotive.. A second locomotive we looked at experienced a rather severe problem. After a brief bit of running, a rivet popped loose, leaving a rod dangling in the valve gear. We've heard reports of this happening on other locomotives as well. Atlas is aware of this defect and a Samhongsa engineer flew over to work with the company on repairs. If you have a problem with this engine, return it to Atlas and the company will take care of it. Our locomotive's tender rode down the track at an angle, as if the truck-mounting holes were not centered. Further inspection revealed that the hole for the rear truck-mounting screw was not drilled perpendicular to the floor. As it's tightened, the screw tips sideways and pushes the truck off-center.. Overall this is a nice model that captures the look and proportions of the prototype. It's great to see some new big steam in N scale. Undec, ATSF, D&RGW, Clinchfield, N&W, NP, PRR, UP, Virginian. Price: $249.95')
Thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) refers to any of several risk stratification systems for thyroid lesions, usually based on ultrasound features, with a structure modelled off BI-RADS. The following article describes the initial iterations proposed by individual research groups, none of which gained widespread use. Refer to separate articles for the latest systems supported by various professional societies:
Article:
Classification of Horvath et al.
A TI-RADS was first proposed by Horvath et al. in 2009 1. The system has fair interobserver agreement 4.
Category definitions
- TI-RADS 1: normal thyroid gland
- TI-RADS 2: benign conditions (0% risk of malignancy)
- TI-RADS 3: probably benign nodules (<5% malignancy)
- TI-RADS 4: suspicious nodules (5-80% malignancy)
- TI-RADS 4a: undetermined (5-10% malignancy)
- TI-RADS 4b: suspicious (10-80% malignancy)
- TI-RADS 5: probably malignant nodules (>80% malignancy)
- TI-RADS 6: biopsy proven malignancy
Atlas Ti 8 4 3 X 2 5
Imaging features
Thyroid nodules could be classified into one of 10 ultrasound patterns, which had a corresponding TI-RADS category.
TI-RADS 2 category
- colloid type 1: anechoic with hyperechoic spots, nonvascularised
- colloid type 2: mixed echogenicity with hyperechoic spots, nonexpansile, nonencapsulated, vascularized, spongiform/'grid' aspect
- colloid type 3: mixed echogenicity or isoechoic with hyperechoic spots and solid portion, expansile, nonencapsulated, vascularized
TI-RADS 3 category
- Hashimoto pseudonodule: hyperechoic, isoechoic, or hypoechoic; partially encapsulated; peripheral vascularity; in the setting of Hashimoto thyroiditis
TI-RADS 4A category
- simple neoplastic pattern: solid or mixed hyperechoic, isoechoic, or hypoechoic; encapsulated with a thin capsule
- de Quervain pattern: hypoechoic, ill-defined borders, without calcifications
TI-RADS 4B category
- suspicious neoplastic pattern: hyperechoic, isoechoic, or hypoechoic; encapsulated with a thick capsule; hypervascularised; with calcifications (coarse or microcalcifications)
- malignant pattern A: hypoechoic, nonencapsulated with irregular margins, penetrating vessels
TI-RADS 5 category
- malignant pattern B: isoechoic or hypoechoic, nonencapsulated, hypervascularised, multiple peripheral microcalcifications
- malignancy pattern C: mixed echogenicity or isoechoic without hyperechoic spots, nonencapsulated, hypervascularised
Management guidelines
The authors stated that TI-RADS 4 and 5 nodules must be biopsied.
Classification of Park et al.
In 2009, Park et al. proposed a system with five categories, which, like BI-RADS, each carried a management recommendation 2. The risk of malignancy was derived from thyroid ultrasound (TUS) features.
Category definitions
![Atlas Atlas](https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/UzgAAOSwr0ReMLUL/s-l300.jpg)
- TUS 0: no nodule
- TUS 1: highly suggestive of benign (0-7% risk of malignancy)
- TUS 2: probably benign (8-23% malignancy)
- TUS 3: indeterminate (24-50% malignancy)
- TUS 4: probably malignancy (51-90% malignancy)
- TUS 5: high suggestive of malignancy (91-100% malignancy)
Imaging features
The probability of malignancy was based on an equation derived from 12 features 2. Acorn 6 5 30.
The equation was as follows: z = -2.862 + 0.581X1 - 0.481X2 - 1.435X3 + 1.178X4 + 1.405X5 + 0.700X6 + 0.460X7 + 0.648X8 - 1.715X9 + 0.463X10 + 1.964X11 + 1.739X12. Each variable is valued at 1 for the presence of the following and 0 otherwise:
![Atlas Atlas](https://f-origin.hypotheses.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/6542/files/2019/06/interfaces_white.jpg)
- X1: shape taller than wide
- X2: perinodular halo
- X3: well circumscribed
- X4: microlobulation
- X5: infiltrative margin
- X6: marked hypoechoic
- X7: hypoechoic
- X8: homogeneous echotexture
- X9: mainly cystic
- X10: solid
- X11: microcalcification
- X12: abnormal lymph node
Management guidelines
- TUS 1: no additional ultrasound is recommended if clinically not needed
- TUS 2: long term ultrasound follow up if clinically needed
- TUS 3: fine needle aspiration biopsy and short term (6 month) follow up if nondiagnostic cytological result
- TUS 4: fine needle aspiration biopsy and immediate reaspiration if nondiagnostic cytological result
- TUS 5: consider surgery regardless of fine needle aspiration biopsy result
Classification of Kwak et al.
The above systems were difficult to apply clinically due to their complexity, leading Kwak et al. to propose a simpler TI-RADS in 2011 2. The system is sometimes referred to as TI-RADS Kwak 6.
Category definitions
The category definitions were similar to BI-RADS, based on the risk of malignancy depending on the presence of suspicious ultrasound features:
- TI-RADS 1: negative (0% risk of malignancy)
- TI-RADS 2: benign (0% malignancy)
- TI-RADS 3: probably benign (1.7% malignancy)
- no suspicious features on ultrasound
- TI-RADS 4a: low suspicion for malignancy (3.3% malignancy)
- one suspicious feature
- TI-RADS 4b: intermediate suspicion for malignancy (9.2% malignancy)
- two suspicious features
- TI-RADS 4c: moderate concern but not classic for malignancy (44.4-72.4% malignancy)
- three or four suspicious features
- TI-RADS 5: highly suggestive of malignancy (>87.5% malignancy)
- five suspicious features
Imaging features
The following features were considered suspicious:
- solid component
- hypoechogenicity, especially marked hypoechogenicity
- microlobulated or irregular margins
- microcalcifications
- taller than wide shape
Management guidelines
The study included only nodules ≥1 cm in greatest dimension. The authors suggested, as with BI-RADS, that biopsy candidates were those nodules categorized as TI-RADS category 4 or 5, meaning demonstrating at least one suspicious sonographic feature.
Classification of Russ et al.
In 2013, Russ et al. published a simplified TI-RADS that was prospectively validated 5. The system is sometimes referred to as TI-RADS French 6.
Category definitions
- TI-RADS 1: normal thyroid gland
- TI-RADS 2: benign nodule
- TI-RADS 3: highly probable benign nodule
- TI-RADS 4a: low suspicion for malignancy
- TI-RADS 4b: high suspicion for malignancy
- TI-RADS 5: malignant nodule with more than two criteria of high suspicion
Imaging features
TI-RADS 2 category
Constantly benign patterns include
- simple cyst
- spongiform nodule
- 'white knight' pattern in the setting of thyroiditis (numerous hyperechoic round pseudonodules with no halo or central vascularizaton)
- isolated macrocalcification
- nodular hyperplasia (isoechoic confluent micronodules located within the inferior and posterior portion of one or two lobes, usually avascular and seen in simple goiters)
TI-RADS 3 category
Very probably benign nodules are those that are both
- isoechoic or hyperechoic, and
- no sign of high suspicion (regular shape and borders, no microcalcifications)
TI-RADS 4a category
Mildly suspect nodules are both
8.4 Lol
- mildly hypoechoic, and
- no sign of high suspicion
Atlas Ti 8 4 3 X 2
TI-RADS 4b and 4c categories
Highly suspicious features include
- taller than wide shape
- irregular borders
- microcalcifications
- markedly hypoechoic
- high stiffness with sonoelastography (if available)
TI-RADS 4b applies to the lesion with one or two of the above signs and no metastatic lymph node is present.
TI-RADS 4c applies to the lesion with three to five of the above signs and/or a metastatic lymph node is present.
Management guidelines
The authors proposed the following criteria, based on French Endocrine Society guidelines, for when to proceed with fine needle aspiration biopsy:
- if >7 mm, biopsy is recommended if TI-RADS 4b and 5 or if patient has risk factors (family history of thyroid cancer or childhood neck irradiation)
- if >10 mm, biopsy is recommended if TI-RADS 4a or if TI-RADS 3 that has definitely grown (≥2 mm in two dimensions and >20% in volume)
See also
- 1. Horvath E, Majlis S, Rossi R et-al. An ultrasonogram reporting system for thyroid nodules stratifying cancer risk for clinical management. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009;94 (5): 1748-51. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1724 - Pubmed citation
- 2. Park JY, Lee HJ, Jang HW, Kim HK, Yi JH, Lee W, Kim SH. A proposal for a thyroid imaging reporting and data system for ultrasound features of thyroid carcinoma. (2009) Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association. 19 (11): 1257-64. doi:10.1089/thy.2008.0021 - Pubmed
- 3. Kwak JY, Han KH, Yoon JH et-al. Thyroid imaging reporting and data system for US features of nodules: a step in establishing better stratification of cancer risk. Radiology. 2011;260 (3): 892-9. doi:10.1148/radiol.11110206 - Pubmed citation
- 4. Friedrich-Rust M, Meyer G, Dauth N et-al. Interobserver Agreement of Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) and Strain Elastography for the Assessment of Thyroid Nodules. PLoS ONE. 24;8 (10): e77927. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077927 - Free text at pubmed - Pubmed citation
- 5. Russ G, Royer B, Bigorgne C et-al. Prospective evaluation of thyroid imaging reporting and data system on 4550 nodules with and without elastography. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2013;168 (5): 649-55. doi:10.1530/EJE-12-0936 - Pubmed citation
- 6. Yoon JH, Han K, Kim EK, Moon HJ, Kwak JY. Diagnosis and Management of Small Thyroid Nodules: A Comparative Study with Six Guidelines for Thyroid Nodules. (2017) Radiology. 283 (2): 560-569. doi:10.1148/radiol.2016160641 - Pubmed
Related Radiopaedia articles
Thyroid pathology
Far 8.4
- thyroid inflammatory disease
- acute thyroiditis
- autoimmune thyroiditis
- Graves disease
- subacute thyroiditis
- subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis
- thyroid neoplasm
- benign
- malignant
- primary thyroid cancers
- papillary thyroid carcinoma
- primary thyroid cancers
- thyroid nodules
- colloid nodule
- metabolic
- hyperthyroidism
- hypothyroidism
- developmental
- ectopic thyroid
- gamuts
- goiter
- approach
- assessment of thyroid lesions
- ultrasound assessment of thyroid lesions
- American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines
- TI-RADS
- American College of Radiology: ACR TI-RADS
- ultrasound assessment of thyroid lesions
- assessment of thyroid lesions